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Temperature Controllers(Output Type:Relay Contact Point)

Temperature controllers are devices used to adjust the temperature of the controlled device to the set target temperature. The types available include digital controllers that can display temperature along with properties such as humidity, pressure or flow rate. Temperature controllers compare the temperature measured by the sensor (thermocouple or resistance temperature detector) to the target temperature, and send out a control signal used to control the output of an electric heater. The control methods used include ON/OFF control and PID control, so the right control method should be selected. The controlled device will be affected by the heat capacity and operating environment, creating different responses to temperature control. To properly control temperature, the right temperature controller should be selected for the properties of the controlled device.
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    Temperature Controllers Standard Type
    Temperature Controllers Standard Type
    Temperature Controllers Standard Type
    Temperature Controllers Standard Type

    Recommended

    MiSUMi C-VALUE

    Temperature Controllers Standard Type

    MiSUMi C-VALUE

    Temperature Controllers Standard Type
    Temperature controllers are devices used to adjust the temperature of the controlled device to the set target temperature
    [Feature]
    ● Input : Thermocouple (K, J, R, T, N, S, B) and Resistance thermometer (Pt100Ω / JPt100Ω.)
    ● Output : Relay contact output or SSR drive output free switching
    ● Power Supply Voltage : AC100~240VAC~50/60Hz±10%
    ● Mounting Size L X H (mm.) : 45 X 45
    [Application]
    It is used to adjust the temperature of the controlled device to the set target temperature
    Recommended
    From: ฿ 1,375.97
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    Temperature Controllers RS485 Communication Type
    Temperature Controllers RS485 Communication Type
    Temperature Controllers RS485 Communication Type
    Temperature Controllers RS485 Communication Type

    Recommended

    MiSUMi C-VALUE

    Temperature Controllers RS485 Communication Type

    MiSUMi C-VALUE

    Temperature Controllers RS485 Communication Type
    Temperature controllers are devices used to adjust the temperature of the controlled device to the set target temperature
    [Feature]
    ● Input : Thermocouple (K, J, R, T, N, S, B) and Resistance thermometer (Pt100Ω / JPt100Ω.)
    ● Output : Relay contact output or SSR drive output free switching
    ● Power Supply Voltage : AC100~240VAC~50/60Hz±10%
    ● Mounting Size L X H (mm.) : 45 X 92
    [Application]
    It is used to adjust the temperature of the controlled device to the set target temperature
    Recommended
    From: ฿ 1,888.96
    Days to Ship: day to ship Same day
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  • You can add up to 6 items per a category to the compare list.
    Sale
    Temperature Controller (Digital Control Meter) [E5CC]
    Until 31/03/2025

    Sale
    Until 31/03/2025

    Temperature Controller (Digital Control Meter) [E5CC]

    OMRON

    Large white PV display realizes high visibility. Seeks ease of use from selection to operation and setting. Push-in Plus terminal block type lineup has been added.
    [Features]
    · White PV display of 15.2 mm height is adopted for improved visibility.
    · Achieves high-speed sampling of 50 ms.
    · In addition to the screw terminal block type, you can select from the push-in plus terminal block type that reduces wiring work and the plug-in type that allows the terminal block to be attached/detached.
    · Slim body with depth of 60 mm (screw terminal block type).
    · PLC and easy connection achieved by program-less communication function. Temperatures can be linked by component communication.
    · Settings can be done by connecting to a PC using communication cable (sold separately), without power supply wiring. Easily configurable via CX-Thermo (sold separately).
    From: ฿ 4,242.00
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    Sale
    Temperature Controller (Digital Control Meter) [E5EC/AC]
    Until 31/03/2025

    Sale
    Until 31/03/2025

    Temperature Controller (Digital Control Meter) [E5EC/AC]

    OMRON

    Large white PV display realizes high visibility. Seeks ease of use from selection to operation and setting. Push-in Plus terminal block type lineup added to 48 × 96 mm size.
    [Features]
    · A white PV displays of height of 25 mm (E5AC) and 18 mm (E5EC/E5EC-B) have been adopted to improve readability.
    · Achieves high-speed sampling of 50 ms.
    · In addition to the screw terminal block, the 48 × 96 mm size can be selected from the push-in Plus terminal block type that reduces wiring work.
    · Slim body with depth of 60 mm (screw terminal block type).
    · PLC and easy connection achieved by program-less communication function. Temperature adjustment can also be linked by component communication.
    · Equipped with a tool port on the front as well as the top of the main body, settings can be done without power wiring by connecting to a PC using a communication conversion cable (sold separately). Easily configurable via CX-Thermo (sold separately).
    From: ฿ 6,277.19
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  • You can add up to 6 items per a category to the compare list.
    Sale
    Thermac NEO Temperature Controller (Digital Control Meter) [E5□N/E5□N-H/E5□N-HT]
    Until 31/03/2025

    Sale
    Until 31/03/2025

    Thermac NEO Temperature Controller (Digital Control Meter) [E5□N/E5□N-H/E5□N-HT]

    OMRON

    Thermac NEO series, one of the best-selling temperature controller, from model selection to operation and maintenance.
    A high-performance type that responds to higher-speed, higher-accuracy temperature and process control, and a program type that expands the range of compatible applications are also available.
    From: ฿ 12,266.00
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    Sale
    Temperature Controller (Digital Controller) [E5GC]
    Until 31/03/2025

    Sale
    Until 31/03/2025

    Temperature Controller (Digital Controller) [E5GC]

    OMRON

    Ease of operation and high performance of E5□C series in 48 × 24 mm compact body.
    · 48 × 24 × 90 mm (W × H × D) Slim body ideal for small equipment, laboratory instruments and others.
    · White PV display with the character height of 10.5 mm for high visibility even with the compact size.
    · Ease of maintenance with removable terminal block structure. Select wiring method from screw terminal block or screwless clamp terminal block.
    · Realize high-speed sampling of 50 ms.
    · Easy connection with PLC by programless communication.
    · Can be setup without power supply by connecting a communication conversion cable (sold separately) to a PC. Easy setup with CX-Thermo (sold separately).
    From: ฿ 7,238.00
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    Days to Ship: day to ship Same day
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  • You can add up to 6 items per a category to the compare list.
    Sale
    Temperature Controller (Digital Controller) [E5CD/E5CD-B]
    Until 31/03/2025

    Sale
    Until 31/03/2025

    Temperature Controller (Digital Controller) [E5CD/E5CD-B]

    OMRON

    Optimizes control by detecting status changes, easily satisfy both productivity and quality. Lineup with newly added Push-in Plus terminal block type.
    [Features]
    · Automatic optimization of control according to the changes in system (Adaptive control).
    · Equipped with function specialized for packaging machine (temperature sensors for packaging machine and filter automatic adjustment function).
    · Equipped with function specialized for water-cooled extruders (water-cooling output adjustment).
    · Indication data (power ON time, ambient temperature and output ON/OFF count).
    · Basic performance is the same as the E5□C standard models.
    · Draw-out structure for easy maintenance (screw terminal blocks only).
    From: ฿ 9,163.00
    Special Price
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  • You can add up to 6 items per a category to the compare list.
    Sale
    Temperature Controller (Outer Diameter 48 × 48 mm / Outer Diameter 96 × 96 mm)
    Until 31/03/2025
    Temperature Controller (Outer Diameter 48 × 48 mm / Outer Diameter 96 × 96 mm)
    Temperature Controller (Outer Diameter 48 × 48 mm / Outer Diameter 96 × 96 mm)
    Temperature Controller (Outer Diameter 48 × 48 mm / Outer Diameter 96 × 96 mm)
    Temperature Controller (Outer Diameter 48 × 48 mm / Outer Diameter 96 × 96 mm)
    Temperature Controller (Outer Diameter 48 × 48 mm / Outer Diameter 96 × 96 mm)

    Sale
    Until 31/03/2025

    Temperature Controller (Outer Diameter 48 × 48 mm / Outer Diameter 96 × 96 mm)

    MISUMI

    Temperature Regulators - Standard Units
    Temperature controllers are devices used to adjust the temperature of the controlled device to the set target temperature
    [Feature]
    ● Dimension (Width X Length X Depth) (mm.)
    MTCTR, MTCTRD, MTCTS and MTCTSD - 48 x 48 x 83
    MTBGR and MTBGS - 96 x 96 x 86
    ● Input : Thermocouple (K, J, R, T, N, S, B) and Resistance thermometer (Pt100Ω / JPt100Ω.)
    ● Output : Relay contact output or SSR drive output
    ● Power Supply Voltage : AC100 ~ 240V
    [Application]
    It is used to adjust the temperature of the controlled device to the set target temperature
    From: ฿ 2,866.50
    Special Price
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  • You can add up to 6 items per a category to the compare list.
    Sale
    Thermac S Electronic Temperature Controller [E5CSV]
    Until 31/03/2025

    Sale
    Until 31/03/2025

    Thermac S Electronic Temperature Controller [E5CSV]

    OMRON

    · Easy setting using DIP switch.
    · Models with two alarms added to series. Ideal for applications requiring alarms.
    · Universal-input (thermocouple/platinum resistance thermometer) models are also available.
    · Clearly visible digital display with character height of 13.5 mm.
    · Case color: black color is also available.
    From: ฿ 6,368.00
    Special Price
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  • You can add up to 6 items per a category to the compare list.
    Sale
    Temperature Controller (Digital Control Meter) (22.5 mm Width, DIN Rail-Mounted Type) [E5DC/E5DC-B]
    Until 31/03/2025

    Sale
    Until 31/03/2025

    Temperature Controller (Digital Control Meter) (22.5 mm Width, DIN Rail-Mounted Type) [E5DC/E5DC-B]

    OMRON

    Ideal DIN rail mounting type for system that connects the touch panel / PLC to the temperature controller while maintaining the operability and high performance of the E5□C series.
    [Features]
    · A slim body that fits in a low-profile control panel with a DIN rail mounting type that has a depth of 85 mm and a width of 22.5 mm.
    · Easy-to-replace terminal block with attachable/detachable structure for easy maintenance.
    · Compatible with high-speed heating application by high-speed sampling of 50 ms.
    · Easy connection with PLC by program-less communication.
    · By connecting to a PC using a communication cable (sold separately), settings can be made without power supply wiring. Easily configurable via CX-Thermo (sold separately).
    · Enhanced basic functions of auxiliary output (up to 2 points) and event input (up to 1 point).
    · Easy-to-read white PV display (8.5 mm PV height) makes it easy to check the startup and abnormalities even inside the panel.
    From: ฿ 7,817.00
    Special Price
    Days to Ship: day to ship Same day
    day to ship Same day
  • You can add up to 6 items per a category to the compare list.
    Sale
    Thermac Temperature Controller [E5CB]
    Until 31/03/2025

    Sale
    Until 31/03/2025

    Thermac Temperature Controller [E5CB]

    OMRON

    Ideal for heater control, best control performance at surprisingly low cost! Easy to read with one of the largest character displays in the world.
    [Features]
    · Improved visibility with character height of approx. 16 mm.
    · Fewer parameters for simple setup.
    From: ฿ 4,046.00
    Special Price
    Days to Ship: day to ship Same day
    day to ship Same day
  • You can add up to 6 items per a category to the compare list.
    Temperature Controller, KT Series

    Temperature Controller, KT Series

    PANASONIC

    A wide variation of lineup that can be selected according to the application and space.
    [Features]
    ・ Multi-input type that does not choose the sensor (input).
    ・ "High precision" temperature control is possible with simple operation.
    ・ A lineup of "DIN rail mounting types" with an eye on the global market. (KT7)
    ・ 9-step pattern control is possible. (KT2)
    ・ UL/c-UL certified, CE marking compliant.
    ・ Improved visibility and operability, and a compact design. (KT4H/KT4B)
    ・ RS-485 (MODBUS Protocol) is used for communication specifications. (excluding KT8R/KT9R)
    From: ฿ 3,973.58
    Days to Ship: day to ship Quote
    day to ship Quote
  • You can add up to 6 items per a category to the compare list.
    Sale
    Temperature Controller (Outer Diameter 24 × 48 mm)
    Until 31/03/2025

    Sale
    Until 31/03/2025

    Temperature Controller (Outer Diameter 24 × 48 mm)

    MISUMI

    [Features]·The MISUMI's temperature controller is a compact multi-functional unit allowing the selection of input types according to the sensor to be used. By operating the front panel keys of the controller, you can switch between thermocouple and resistance temperature detector (RTD) input types. Also "IP66" equivalent compliant.
    From: ฿ 5,005.00
    Special Price
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    day to ship Same day
  • You can add up to 6 items per a category to the compare list.
    Sale
    Electronic Temperature Controller E5C2
    Until 31/03/2025

    Sale
    Until 31/03/2025

    Electronic Temperature Controller E5C2

    OMRON

    [Features]
    · The smallest type, available at low cost
    · Proportional (P) motion is available in the adjustment mode. In addition, reset adjustment function has been added
    · The mounting adapter enables continuous close-contact installation
    · Plug-in method enables DIN rail mounting and panel embedding
    From: ฿ 4,773.00
    Special Price
    Days to Ship: day to ship Same day
    day to ship Same day
  • You can add up to 6 items per a category to the compare list.
    Sale
    Digital Thermo E5LC,E5L-A/C
    Until 31/03/2025

    Sale
    Until 31/03/2025

    Digital Thermo E5LC,E5L-A/C

    OMRON

    [Features]
    [E5LC]
    · The temperature is measured with high precision (0.1°C increments) using a microcomputer
    · It has a built-in battery and does not require power supply wiring
    · Large LCD (Letter Height: 12 mm) Digital Display
    From: ฿ 2,603.00
    Special Price
    Days to Ship: day to ship Same day
    day to ship Same day
Brand
Product Series
CAD
From
Days to Ship
Specifications
Input Method
Control Method
Output Type
Number of Control Points
Number of Input Points(pcs.)
Setting Method
Failure Detecting Function
Type
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Temperature Controllers Standard Type
Temperature Controllers Standard Type
Temperature Controllers Standard Type
Temperature Controllers Standard Type
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Temperature Controllers RS485 Communication Type
Temperature Controllers RS485 Communication Type
Temperature Controllers RS485 Communication Type
Temperature Controllers RS485 Communication Type
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Sale
Temperature Controller (Digital Control Meter) [E5CC]
Until 31/03/2025
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Sale
Temperature Controller (Digital Control Meter) [E5EC/AC]
Until 31/03/2025
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Sale
Thermac NEO Temperature Controller (Digital Control Meter) [E5□N/E5□N-H/E5□N-HT]
Until 31/03/2025
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Sale
Temperature Controller (Digital Controller) [E5GC]
Until 31/03/2025
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Sale
Temperature Controller (Digital Controller) [E5CD/E5CD-B]
Until 31/03/2025
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Sale
Temperature Controller (Outer Diameter 48 × 48 mm / Outer Diameter 96 × 96 mm)
Until 31/03/2025
Temperature Controller (Outer Diameter 48 × 48 mm / Outer Diameter 96 × 96 mm)
Temperature Controller (Outer Diameter 48 × 48 mm / Outer Diameter 96 × 96 mm)
Temperature Controller (Outer Diameter 48 × 48 mm / Outer Diameter 96 × 96 mm)
Temperature Controller (Outer Diameter 48 × 48 mm / Outer Diameter 96 × 96 mm)
Temperature Controller (Outer Diameter 48 × 48 mm / Outer Diameter 96 × 96 mm)
You can add up to 6 items per a category to the compare list.
Sale
Thermac S Electronic Temperature Controller [E5CSV]
Until 31/03/2025
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Sale
Temperature Controller (Digital Control Meter) (22.5 mm Width, DIN Rail-Mounted Type) [E5DC/E5DC-B]
Until 31/03/2025
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Sale
Thermac Temperature Controller [E5CB]
Until 31/03/2025
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Temperature Controller, KT Series
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Sale
Temperature Controller (Outer Diameter 24 × 48 mm)
Until 31/03/2025
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Sale
Electronic Temperature Controller E5C2
Until 31/03/2025
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Sale
Digital Thermo E5LC,E5L-A/C
Until 31/03/2025
Brand

MiSUMi C-VALUE

MiSUMi C-VALUE

OMRON

OMRON

OMRON

OMRON

OMRON

MISUMI

OMRON

OMRON

OMRON

PANASONIC

MISUMI

OMRON

OMRON

Product Series

Temperature Controllers Standard Type

Temperature Controllers RS485 Communication Type

Temperature Controller (Digital Control Meter) [E5CC]

Temperature Controller (Digital Control Meter) [E5EC/AC]

Thermac NEO Temperature Controller (Digital Control Meter) [E5□N/E5□N-H/E5□N-HT]

Temperature Controller (Digital Controller) [E5GC]

Temperature Controller (Digital Controller) [E5CD/E5CD-B]

Temperature Controller (Outer Diameter 48 × 48 mm / Outer Diameter 96 × 96 mm)

Thermac S Electronic Temperature Controller [E5CSV]

Temperature Controller (Digital Control Meter) (22.5 mm Width, DIN Rail-Mounted Type) [E5DC/E5DC-B]

Thermac Temperature Controller [E5CB]

Temperature Controller, KT Series

Temperature Controller (Outer Diameter 24 × 48 mm)

Electronic Temperature Controller E5C2

Digital Thermo E5LC,E5L-A/C

CAD
  • 2D / 3D
  • 2D / 3D
  • 2D / 3D
  • 2D / 3D
  • 2D / 3D
  • 2D / 3D
  • 2D / 3D
  • 2D / 3D
  • 2D
  • 2D / 3D
  • 2D / 3D
  • 2D / 3D
From

฿ 1,375.97

฿ 1,888.96

฿ 4,242.00

Special Price

On Sale Until 31/03/2025

฿ 6,277.19

Special Price

On Sale Until 31/03/2025

฿ 12,266.00

Special Price

On Sale Until 31/03/2025

฿ 7,238.00

Special Price

On Sale Until 31/03/2025

฿ 9,163.00

Special Price

On Sale Until 31/03/2025

฿ 2,866.50

Special Price

On Sale Until 31/03/2025

฿ 6,368.00

Special Price

On Sale Until 31/03/2025

฿ 7,817.00

Special Price

On Sale Until 31/03/2025

฿ 4,046.00

Special Price

On Sale Until 31/03/2025

฿ 3,973.58

฿ 5,005.00

Special Price

On Sale Until 31/03/2025

฿ 4,773.00

Special Price

On Sale Until 31/03/2025

฿ 2,603.00

Special Price

On Sale Until 31/03/2025

Days to Ship Same day Same day Same day Same day Same day Same day Same day Same day Same day Same day Same day Quote Same day Same day Same day
Specifications
                                Input MethodThermocouple / Temperature Measuring ResistorThermocouple / Temperature Measuring Resistor-Thermocouple / Temperature Measuring Resistor / Non-Contact Temperature Sensor / Voltage / CurrentThermocouple / Temperature Measuring Resistor / Voltage / CurrentVoltage / CurrentThermocouple / Temperature Measuring Resistor / Non-Contact Temperature Sensor / Voltage / Current-Thermocouple / Temperature Measuring Resistor-Thermocouple / Temperature Measuring ResistorThermocouple / Temperature Measuring Resistor / Voltage / Current-Thermocouple / Temperature Measuring Resistor / ThermistorThermistor
                                Control MethodON-OFF Control / PID Control with Self-Tuning / PID Control with Self-Tuning / PI Control / PD Control / P Control / ThermostatsON-OFF Control / PID Control with Self-Tuning / PID Control with Self-Tuning / PI Control / PD Control / P Control / ThermostatsON-OFF Control / PID Control with Self-TuningON-OFF Control / PID Control with Self-TuningON-OFF Control / PID Control with Self-TuningPID Control with Self-TuningON-OFF Control / PID Control with Self-TuningON-OFF Control / PID Control with Self-TuningON-OFF Control / PID Control with Self-Tuning-ON-OFF Control / PID Control with Self-TuningON-OFF Control / PID Control with Self-Tuning / PI Control / PD Control / P ControlON-OFF Control / PID Control with Self-TuningON-OFF Control / P ControlON-OFF Control
                                Output TypeRelay Contact PointRelay Contact PointRelay Contact PointRelay Contact PointRelay Contact PointRelay Contact PointRelay Contact PointRelay Contact PointRelay Contact PointRelay Contact PointRelay Contact PointRelay Contact PointRelay Contact PointRelay Contact PointRelay Contact Point
                                Number of Control Points1211 / 21 / 2111-112111
                                Number of Input Points(pcs.)111111-1111-111
                                Setting Method--Key InputKey InputKey Input / RSP InputKey InputKey InputKey InputKey Input-Key InputKey InputKey Input-Key Input / Rotary Type
                                Failure Detecting FunctionHeater BreakageHeater BreakageNot Provided / Heater BreakageNot Provided / Heater Breakage / SSR FailureNot Provided / Heater Breakage / Heater Overcurrent / SSR FailureNot Provided / Heater Breakage / SSR FailureNot Provided / Heater Breakage / SSR FailureHeater OvercurrentNot ProvidedHeater Breakage / SSR Failure-SSR FailureHeater OvercurrentNot ProvidedNot Provided
                                Type---------Temperature Controller / Controller----Temperature Controller / Controller

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                                1. 1

                                Related Categories to Temperature Controllers

                                FAQ Temperature Controllers

                                Question: What are the different types of temperature controllers?
                                Answer: These are some of the common types of temperature controllers used in various applications
                                1. On/Off Temperature Controller: An on/off temperature controller to maintain the desired temperature inside. It is commonly used in applications where precise temperature control is not critical for example a refrigerator.
                                2. Thermostat Temperature Controller: A thermostat temperature controller is used to regulate the temperature. It is commonly found in residential and commercial HVAC systems.
                                3. Temperature Controller with Thermocouple: A temperature-controlled oven uses a temperature controller with a thermocouple. The thermocouple measures the oven's temperature
                                4. Proportional Temperature Controller: In a greenhouse, a proportional temperature controller can be used to regulate the temperature
                                5. PID Temperature Controller: Industrial processes, such as chemical reactors, often require precise temperature control
                                6. Switching Temperature Controller: A water heater employs a switching temperature controller to regulate the water temperature
                                Question: What is the purpose of temperature controllers?
                                Answer: The purpose of temperature controllers is to regulate and maintain a desired temperature in various applications. Temperature controllers ensure that the temperature remains within a specific range by monitoring the current temperature and making adjustments to the heating or cooling system. They provide accurate and automated temperature control, allowing systems to operate efficiently and effectively. Temperature controllers are used in a wide range of applications, from home thermostats to industrial processes, to ensure optimal temperature conditions for comfort, safety, and performance.
                                Question: What types of temperature controllers are available?
                                Answer: There are several types of temperature controllers available, for example
                                1. On/Off Temperature Controllers: These controllers are the simplest and most common type. They switch the heating or cooling equipment on or off based on temperature thresholds.
                                2. Proportional Temperature Controllers: Proportional controllers adjust the power supply gradually as the temperature approaches the desired setpoint. They provide more precise control by modulating the power output in proportion to the temperature deviation.
                                3. PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) Temperature Controllers: They continuously adjust the power supply based on the current temperature, past temperature variations, and the rate of change. PID controllers offer highly accurate and stable temperature control.
                                4. Programmable Temperature Controllers: These controllers allow users to set and program temperature profiles, time intervals, and other parameters. They are commonly used in processes that require specific temperature profiles or time-based temperature changes.
                                5. Multi-Loop Temperature Controllers: It can control multiple temperature zones or processes simultaneously. They are suitable for applications with complex temperature control requirements, such as multi-zone furnaces or environmental chambers.
                                6. Safety Limit Temperature Controllers: These controllers provide an additional layer of protection by monitoring temperature and activating alarms or safety measures when the temperature exceeds safe limits.
                                Question: What are the control methods used in temperature controllers?
                                Answer: There are three basic types of process controllers:
                                1. On/Off Temperature Controls: The simplest and most cost-effective control type. It operates by switching the machine on or off based on the temperature of the room. For instance, a household thermostat triggers the heater when the temperature drops below a certain point and the air-conditioner when it rises above a specific point. On/off controls are suitable for processes with slow temperature changes and where precise control isn't essential.
                                2. Proportional Control: Unlike on/off controls, proportional controls respond to temperature changes before exceeding the desired range. They adjust the power supply gradually, slowing or speeding the heater to stabilize the temperature.
                                3. PID (proportional-integral-derivative) Control: It reacts to current conditions, considers past events, and responds to the rate of change. By compensating for temperature errors, a PID system maintains a steady temperature using a case-specific algorithm based on current and past data.
                                Question: What are the output types provided by temperature controllers?
                                Answer: Temperature controllers provide different types of output signals to control the heating or cooling systems. for example
                                1. Relay Output: Many temperature controllers feature a relay output. It operates as an ON/OFF switch to control the power supply to the heating or cooling system. When the temperature reaches a certain threshold, the relay is activated, turning the system on or off.
                                2. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Output: PWM is a control method where the output signal switches rapidly between fully ON and fully OFF states at a fixed frequency. The duty cycle (percentage of time in the ON state) is varied to control the average power supplied to the heating or cooling system.
                                3. Analog Output: Some temperature controllers offer analog output signals, such as a voltage or current signal. This output can be used to control external devices, such as variable frequency drives (VFDs) or proportional valves, which modulate the power supplied to the heating or cooling system in a continuous manner.
                                4. Digital Communication Output: Advanced temperature controllers may provide digital communication outputs, such as RS485, Modbus, or Ethernet. These outputs enable communication with other devices or systems, allowing for centralized monitoring and control.